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We have all experienced that feeling of satisfaction after an excellent, seamless customer service transaction where our needs have been met and our expectations exceeded. In today’s business environment, achieving that is a complex process. Depending on the product or service, the best in customer support will include a combination of assistance in planning, purchasing, delivery, installation, training, troubleshooting, maintenance, upgrading, disposal and proper handling should something go wrong. It is not a new idea; for as long as there have been products to sell in a competitive environment, there has been a need for good service to attract and retain customers.
Some of the first documented examples of customer service emerged as early as the mid 1800s. In 1868, Watkins Liniment offered the first-ever unconditional money-back guarantee, unheard-of in those days. The offer, while generous, meant that the customer may have to endure a full day on horseback to return the item to the store, however. Another customer service milestone occurred in 1889 in Italy when the royal family received the first door-to-door hot pizza delivery from Raffaele Esposito, Naples’ most famous pizza chef. Restaurant delivery may be commonplace now, but at that time, it was novel for companies to make a priority of serving their customers where and when they want.

The Telephone

The single, most important transformation in customer service came in 1876 with Alexander Graham-Bell’s invention of the telephone. The telephone introduced a new means to contact local businesses which until then required personal contact.
By 1894, with the invention of the switchboard and the completion of the transcontinental railway, customers in need of service could directly contact stores and businesses across the country to make requests, gather information, place orders, arrange for delivery or register complaints. For over fifty years this was the norm for customer service until the second half of the 20th century.
With the 1960s came the advent of PABX or Private Automated Business Exchanges allowing for the growth of “call centers” (a term coined in 1983). Forward thinking companies began filling large rooms with agents whose sole purpose was to answer and resolve customer issues on the spot. By 1967, call centers were further enhanced by AT&T’s introduction of the toll free 1-800 number. Soon, call centers began using Interactive Voice Response (IVR) technology, which allowed consumers to voice a limited number of commands, such as “yes” or “representative” further streamlining the calling process.

The Internet, Social Media and CRM

Since the 1990s, the Internet has completely reframed how customers receive support from a company. Whether through websites, email, instant message, 1–to–1 chat, or social media outlets such as Facebook or Twitter, consumers can get information, make purchases, leave messages, arrange appointments, make payments, register complaints, find answers or arrange for returns any time of the day or night.
The latest technologies such as video chat, surveys, mobile applications, RFID and location-based information continue to transform how businesses meet customers’ needs, and have raised the bar in terms of their expectations. Today’s customer support needs to be available in a variety of ways through numerous channels. Innovative companies like Amazon are leading the way; customers can access Amazon on a laptop, phone or tablet and easily search for an item, gather information, make a purchase, arrange for fast delivery, view historic transactions, add credit cards connected to the account, edit shipping and billing addresses, arrange for returns, review a product and view the status of all past and present orders. Now, Amazon is looking into same-day delivery through the use of local delivery services and possibly, future use of drones.
Achieving this level of excellence in service and support starts with a clear understanding of what customers want. CRM (Customer Relationship Management), software developed in the 1990s, was the first technology to help businesses track and analyze customer behavior. With the acquisition of this data, companies began rewarding gifts to repeat customers such as cash back on credit cards, frequent-flier miles, and discounts for multiple purchases. Now, more sophisticated, cloud-based CRM solutions from companies like Salesforce.com and others provide an abundance of customer behavioral analytics to help businesses pinpoint the specific services their customers need in a timely and efficient manner.
Here at Admiral, we strive to exceed expectations when it comes to customer service; this philosophy has been woven through the culture of the company since we opened our doors 65 years ago. Today, we combine new technology with a longstanding work ethic to gain a better understanding of how to meet and exceed our customers’ expectations. We survey our customers annually and have recently engaged Salesforce.com to gather analytics, and still, we rely on the personal relationships our inside and outside sales people have established with our customers. It is our hope to provide the very best in customer service and support; it’s what we strive for every day, every transaction.
Wishing you the very best in business,
 
Jim B Signature

Timeline of Service

CustomerFirstPhoto-small

1978 – Woburn Office Opens


1950 – Year founded as Admiral Brass and Copper
1965 – Added Aluminum as a product
1975 – Company’s 25th anniversary
1978 – Move from Somerville to Woburn
1978 – Added Stainless Steel as a product
1983 – First computer ERP software
1986 – First additional location in Brooklyn
1986 – First fax machine
1992 – Rochester branch opens
1998 – Email implemented
1998 – First Customer Survey
1999 – Metalware – ERP implemented
2000 – PA branch opens
2001 – Overnight delivery became a standard in customer service
2003 – Ohio branch opens
2011 – Admiral Care is introduced
2014 – Adoption of Salesforce CRM

Brass vs. Bronze: Choosing the Right Alloy for Your Application | Admiral Metals
Call us: 1-800-423-6472  |  Part of the Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. Family of Companies
Brass and Bronze Metal Stock

Brass vs. Bronze: Choosing the Right Alloy for Your Application

Admiral Metals April 2026 10 min read Brass & Bronze

Brass and bronze are two of the most widely used copper alloys in precision manufacturing — and while they're often mentioned in the same breath, they perform very differently in the field. Choosing the right alloy for a given application isn't just about cost or availability; it's about matching the material's properties to the demands of the job.

This guide covers the key differences between brass and bronze, highlights the grades we rely on most at Admiral Metals — including C360's industry-leading machinability, C954's outstanding corrosion resistance, and the growing shift from C360 to C2745 for lead-free applications — and gives you a practical framework for making the right call.

The Fundamental Difference

Both are copper alloys, but the alloying elements define everything:

Brass stock bars
Copper–Zinc Alloy

Brass

Cu + Zn

Bright golden appearance, excellent machinability, and strong corrosion resistance in everyday environments. The go-to choice for high-volume precision machining.

Bronze stock bars
Copper–Tin Alloy

Bronze

Cu + Sn (+ Al, Ni, Si…)

Harder, stronger, and superior in harsh or submerged environments. The specialist alloy for marine, industrial, and heavy-load applications.

Zinc (brass) favors cost, machinability, and electrical conductivity. Tin, aluminum, or silicon (bronze) favors strength, wear resistance, and corrosion performance under demanding conditions.

Key Property Comparison

Property Brass Bronze
Machinability
C360: ~100% (benchmark)
Generally lower
Corrosion Resistance
Good (air & fresh water)
Excellent (marine, acids)
Hardness / Wear
Moderate
High (aluminum bronze)
Material Cost
Lower
Higher (esp. Al-bronze)
RoHS / Lead-Free C360: contains lead · C2745: fully compliant C954: compliant

Brass Grades: What You Need to Know

C360 — Free-Cutting Brass: The Machinability Benchmark

Why C360 Machines So Well

The lead particles in C360 don't dissolve into the copper matrix — they remain as tiny dispersed inclusions that act as a chip-breaker and internal lubricant at the cutting edge. The result: short, manageable chips instead of the long stringy swarf that plagues other alloys, dramatically reduced tool wear, faster cycle times, and a superior surface finish right off the machine. For high-volume screw machine work or CNC turning, no other copper alloy delivers this combination of speed, finish quality, and cost efficiency.

C2745 — Lead-Free Eco Brass: The Modern Alternative

→ Grade Transition: Lead-Free Migration
C360 — Free-Cutting Brass
The traditional choice

~3% lead content · Machinability ~100% · Not RoHS or NSF 61 compliant · Restricted in potable water and EU applications

Recommended Upgrade C2745 — Eco Brass
The lead-free standard

<0.09% lead · Machinability ~70–80% of C360 · Fully RoHS, NSF 61 & California AB 1953 compliant · Drop-in replacement for most machined parts

Compliance Note

As regulations around lead in plumbing and potable water systems have tightened — particularly under NSF/ANSI 61, the EU's RoHS directive, and California's AB 1953 (Prop 65 "Lead-Free" standard) — the industry has been steadily migrating away from C360 for these applications. C2745 is the primary engineered replacement: it retains excellent machinability (~70–80% of C360), fits the same stock forms and tolerances, and requires no significant design changes in most cases.

Other Key Brass Grades

Naval Brass

C464

Naval Brass
  • Tin addition significantly improves seawater corrosion resistance over standard brass
  • Common in marine hardware, propeller shafts, and condenser tubes
  • Good combination of strength and formability
Cartridge Brass

C260

70/30 Cartridge Brass
  • Exceptional cold-working and deep-draw capability
  • Used for ammunition casings, radiator cores, springs, and stampings
  • Good corrosion resistance; moderate machinability

Bronze Grades: Strength Where It Counts

C954 — Aluminum Bronze: The Corrosion Resistance Leader

Why C954 Outperforms in Corrosive Environments

The aluminum content in C954 creates a dense, tightly adhering aluminum oxide surface layer that reforms instantly if the surface is scratched or abraded — providing robust, self-repairing protection in saltwater, mild acids, and oxidizing atmospheres. Unlike many alloys that rely on surface coatings for corrosion protection, C954 is corrosion-resistant throughout its entire cross-section. This makes it the material of choice for pump components, propeller hubs, marine shafting, and any application where coating integrity cannot be reliably maintained.

Other Key Bronze Grades

Tin Bronze

C932

SAE 660 · High-Leaded Tin Bronze
  • The workhorse bearing bronze — conformable, low friction, embeds contaminants
  • Excellent for bushings, washers, and thrust bearings under moderate loads
  • Available in oil-impregnated form for self-lubricating applications
Phosphor Bronze

C510 / C544

Phosphor Bronze
  • Phosphorus addition increases hardness and significantly improves fatigue resistance
  • Excellent for springs, electrical contacts, and fine wire mesh
  • Good corrosion resistance in both fresh and salt water
Silicon Bronze

C651 / C655

Silicon Bronze
  • Outstanding weldability — preferred for architectural and artistic fabrication
  • Good strength and corrosion resistance
  • Used in marine fasteners, bolts, and sculpture
Bearing Bronze

C863

Manganese Bronze
  • Very high strength — among the strongest of all copper alloys
  • Used for heavy-duty gears, wear plates, and structural hardware
  • Good resistance to dezincification in seawater

When to Use Each: A Practical Guide

Choose Brass When…

  • High-volume precision machining is the priority (C360 or C2745)
  • Electrical or thermal conductivity matters for the design
  • Aesthetic / decorative finish is important (warm golden color)
  • Cost is a primary constraint on the project
  • Mild corrosion environments — air, fresh water, indoor service
  • Lead-free compliance is required → specify C2745 or C464
  • Plumbing fittings, HVAC components, instrumentation
  • Locks, gears, ammunition casings, musical instruments

Choose Bronze When…

  • Marine or submerged saltwater exposure is a factor (C954, C464)
  • High wear, bearing, or bushing performance is required (C932, C954)
  • Elevated temperature or chemical plant service conditions apply
  • Heavy structural parts require high tensile strength
  • Pump impellers, propellers, shafts, valves in aggressive media
  • Springs and electrical contacts needing fatigue resistance (C510)
  • Welded assemblies and architectural or artistic work (C655)
  • Inherent corrosion resistance is needed throughout the cross-section

Quick Grade Reference

Best Machinability
C360
Free-cutting brass
Lead-Free Machining
C2745
Eco brass / RoHS
Best Corrosion Resistance
C954
Aluminum bronze
Best Bearing Performance
C932
SAE 660 tin bronze

The Bottom Line

Brass and bronze aren't interchangeable — they're complementary. Brass wins on machinability, cost, and everyday corrosion resistance, making it the default choice for precision machined parts in benign environments. Bronze wins in demanding conditions: marine exposure, heavy loads, bearing surfaces, and anywhere a coating simply can't be relied upon.

Within each family, grade selection matters just as much as alloy family. C360 remains the machining benchmark, but C2745 is becoming the responsible default for any application touching potable water or destined for regulated markets. And when corrosion or wear is the design driver, C954 aluminum bronze is in a class of its own among copper alloys.

Not sure which grade is right for your next job? Our team has been matching customers to the right material since 1950 — give us a call or request a quote online.

Ready to Order or Need a Recommendation?

Admiral Metals stocks a full range of brass and bronze alloys in rod, bar, tube, and plate — cut to your exact requirements.